Рубрика: Языки народов зарубежных стран Европы, Азии, Африки

УДК: 81’27

Актуальные вопросы лингвистики и межкультурной коммуникации.

Горелова Софья Олеговна
бакалавр, 1 курс
Королева Виктория Константиновна
ст. преподаватель
Владивостокский государственный университет экономики и сервиса
Россия. Владивосток
Email: Sofya.gorelova.2015@mail.ru; тел: 89098709593
ул. Гоголя 41, г. Владивосток, Приморский край, Россия,690014

В статье поднимаются вопросы взаимосвязи языка и культуры, оба этих понятия не существуют друг без друга. Авторы подчеркивают важность понимания особенностей культуры изучаемого языка, так как без этого не будет эффективной коммуникации. Именно язык в межкультурной коммуникации является основным средством для передачи информации, достижения взаимопонимания между собеседниками.

Ключевые слова и выражения: язык, культура, межкультурная коммуникация, общество, социолингвистический аспект

Current linguistic problems in intercultural communication

The article raises issues of the relationship between language and culture; both of these concepts do not exist without each other. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding the characteristics of the culture of the language being studied, because without this there will be no effective communication.  Language itself in intercultural communication is the main means for transmitting information, achieving mutual understanding between interlocutors.

	Key words and expressions: language, culture, intercultural communication, society, sociolinguistic aspect

Plenty of problems concerned to culture have the international or even the global aspect. The understanding between different cultures gains in importance. It brings us to the great progress in this section of science. When we study a language, which is an abstraction of abstractions, a system of systems, we have to study its further abstractions such as dialects, sociolects, etc. That is why we have to keep in mind the geographical area in which this language is spoken, the culture and the society in which it is used, the speakers who use it, the listeners for whom it is used, and the purpose for which it is used, besides the linguistic components that compose it. Only then can our study of a language be complete and comprehensive.
The problem of the relationship between language, culture troubled many linguists and philosophers many long years. Language is a social-cultural-geographical phenomenon. There is a deep relationship between language and society. Man acquires and uses language, and people should know how to do it adequately on the basis of culture and language’s special aspects. Language is the most serious thing in our world because we are people and we build our relationships. [2]
So, we would like to cover the questions about intercultural, socio-linguistics problems, discuss difficulties and ways of problems solving. Moreover, if we follow several simple rules of communication, we will achieve effective lifeline without huge bundle of knowledge (background). 
Socio-linguistics is a delightful and challenging area of linguistics. It studies the ways in which language interacts with society. It is the study of the way in which the structure of a language changes in response to its different social functions, and the definition of what these functions are. Society, here is to cover a spectrum of phenomena to do with race, nationality, more restricted regional, social and political groups, and the interactions of individuals within groups. Different labels have sometimes been suggested to cover various parts of this spectrum. 
First of all we should understand that there are some linguistic distinctions.
When people try to communicate in foreign language they suppose that word or phrase have only one meaning (which they want to express). If people do so, they just ignore all sources of signals and notifications. It is nonverbal communication, intonation, pose gestures and actions. In this way, it will be easier to talk with people in intercultural aspect. 
There is plenty of linguistic evidence of culture difference. There is one thing should be pointed out that although different languages reflect and influence different culture, there are many concepts that are universal. People from different cultures can understand each other although they speak different languages and have different worldviews, because many of the basic concepts are universal. [5]
Language with its different varieties is the subject matter of sociolinguistics. Socio-linguistics studies the varied linguistic realizations of socio-cultural meanings which in a sense are both familiar and unfamiliar of everyday social interactions. It is nevertheless relative to particular cultures, societies, social groups, speech communities, languages, dialects, varieties, styles. That is why language variation generally forms a part of socio-linguistic study.
What should be done to avoid speech or language disorder? First, let the other person know what your problem or your uneasiness. If you stutter, you can just tell others that you have difficulty with some sounds and so they need to be patient.
Demonstrate your own comfort. Show that you have a positive attitude to the interpersonal situation. If you are peaceful and positive, others will also.
Be patient. For example, have endurance with those who try to finish your sentences; they are trying to be helpful.
Cultural and linguistic contact happen in different spheres of human activities such business and trading, journalism and mass media, tourism and cultural studies, sciences and so on. Linguistics as a discipline makes two key factors to the study of Intercultural Communication. Intercultural Communication quite naturally entails the use of different languages and/or language varieties and sociolinguistics, emphasizes the differential prestige of languages and language varieties and the differential access that speakers enjoy to them.
Intercultural communication is a form of communication aimed at the exchange of information between different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe a wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally arise in an organization made up of people of different religious, social, ethnic and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used as a synonym for international communication. In this sense, he seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how people code messages, what medium they choose to transmit them, and how messages are interpreted.
In a broader sense, intercultural communication includes international communication, communication for development, and a more narrow reference to intercultural communication — intercultural communication itself. As for intercultural communication proper, it examines situations in which representatives of different cultures interact. In addition to language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, patterns of thinking, and cultures of different groups of people. There are several intercultural service providers that can help develop intercultural communication skills. Research is an important part of developing intercultural communication skills.
Effective communication depends on the informal understanding among the persons involved which is based on the trust between them. When trust exists, there is implicit understanding within communication, cultural differences may be smoothed out, and people can overcome problems more easily. The meaning of trust and its development and communication vary across societies. Similarly, some cultures have a greater inclination to be trusting than others. Bias, tactlessness and anger will definitely not help to establish contact with partners from other countries.
Intercultural communication is the study and application of knowledge about the "cultural representations and systems of symbols" of people belonging to different cultures.
The intended meaning of any message is different when it is encoded by a person of a certain culture and deciphered by someone else. The different meanings of the symbols also vary from culture to culture, making it difficult to interpret. 
By applying intercultural communication, it implies informing and the ability of people to perceive another's culture when they communicate with them and thus have meaningful communication. [4]
Let us take few examples of English proverbs and idioms and render them into Russian to show the difference between not only the way they are translated and also the cultural difference. The purpose is to avoid misunderstanding and to overcome cultural barrier. 
Make money hand over fist. – Грести деньги лопатой (много зарабатывать).
Cut your coat according to your cloth. – По одежке протягивай ножки (живи по средствам).
When in Rome, do as Romans do. – В чужой монастырь со своим уставом не ходят.
After meat comes mustard. – После драки кулаками не машут.
Communication is not only the knowledge of the basic terms and moments in communication, it is also an understanding of human nature in general, the ability to competently and tactfully treat people of different nationalities and cultures, and of course, above all, a good education, which is undoubtedly noticeable in society. Perhaps one of the main and basic properties of the language is its universality, which allows for the implementation of intra-cultural and intercultural communication. [3] Language acts as the main means of communication between people. From the point of view of its communicative function, it can be called the main means of communication. At the same time, the language is the main carrier and a powerful translator of culture. All components of culture can be expressed through language. In the process of evolution of culture it appears as a means of interpersonal communication and communication in space and time. The main means of communication is the language in which most researchers see the most distinctive feature of culture. There is no culture outside of language, and culture at each stage of its development is symbolically formed, finds its expression, primarily in language.
Due to the fact that language is the leading means of communication through which individuals come into contact on the basis of knowledge and understanding of two languages and cultures. Generalizing this statement, we have the right to assert that without knowledge of the secondary, cultural environment no communication is possible at all. In this regard, the implementation of intercultural communication should adhere to some language rules that will ensure its effectiveness. First of all, it should be noted that the use of slang concepts and idioms is unacceptable in the framework of intercultural communication; the selection of words should be carried out so that they convey the most denotative meaning. It is necessary to pay special attention to the interlocutor, the representative of other culture, to find out and explain not quite clear words to him. In addition, it should be remembered that in some languages the wrong emphasis and incorrect intonation can radically change the essence and meaning of the spoken sentence. [1]
Communication allows participants to express some external to the participants themselves information, internal emotional state, as well as status roles in which they are relative to each other.
Language is part and parcel of culture. A particular language usually points out to a specific group of people. When you interact with another language, it means that you are also interacting with the culture that speaks the language. You cannot understand one's culture without accessing its language directly.
The phrase ‘language is culture and culture is language’ is often mentioned when language and culture are discussed. It is because the two have a homologous although complex relationship. Language and culture developed together and influenced each other as they evolved. 

1.	Бортникова Т. Г. Студенческая мобильность и проблемы формирования навыков межкультурной коммуникации [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: http://www.tstu.ru/en/science/st/pdf/2014/bortnikova.pdf
2.	Вербич Н. А. Английский язык и межкультурная коммуникация // Молодой ученый. — 2016. — №23. — С. 581-584. — URL https://moluch.ru/archive/127/34958/
3.	Осипенко О.М. Intercultural communication [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: https://lektsii.org/14-48290.html
4.	Тер-Минасова. С.Г. Язык и межкультурная коммуникация [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: www.ffl.msu.ru/research/publications/ter.../ter-minasova-yazik-i-mkk-BOOK.pdf
5.	Piller I. Linguistics and Intercultural Communication [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: http://www.lib.csu.ru/ER/ER_Philosophy/fulltexts/PillerI.pdf